The most effective solution is to set up one powerful desktop and remote into it from the other devices.
Windows and Linux have vague support for roaming profiles, but it takes a lot of work to get it working, and you’ll still only get 90% of the way there. Some programs just won’t play well with it. And you’ll be continually maintaining it.
The difference isn’t very significant. Software is packaged slightly differently, and there might be slight philosophical opinion design differences in the system, but for the most part it doesn’t matter.
Fedora is fine. Ubuntu (or Kubuntu, same thing with a different interface) is fine. They’re very common choices so there will be plenty of community support.